I went up to North Korea for the first time on Friday, and Neil asked me to write something about it. The town we visited was Kaesong, just a few kilometres from the border with South Korea. Kaesong is known for two things: first, that it was the capital of the Koreyo dynasty back in the 900s and hence has some historical sights; and secondly, that it is home to the Kaseong industrial complex, the only remaining north/south cooperation project. The concept is basically that South Korean factories (and a few overseas ones) employ North Korean workers at a fraction of the price they would pay in the south. Besides the obvious economic benefits this has for the companies involved the idea behind the project is that the cooperation and interaction over time will expose the North Koreans to outside thoughts and ideas, and thus contribute to breaking down the boundaries between the two peoples. But more about this later.
We left Seoul at the ungodly hour of 6am. The reason for this early start was not that Norwegians have masochistic tendencies (although that might be true in other contexts, read a passion for outdoors activities at minus 20 degrees), but that the passport and customs procedures involved in crossing the south/north border remind you of the heyday of the Soviet Union. You have to be really careful with what you bring. Mobile phones are not allowed (and would not work anyway because of the North Korean jamming towers), newspapers are a big no-no (no corrupting outside influences), and your camera must be a digital one (so that the border guards can go through them on the way back and delete any that portray the country in an unfavourable way). When this procedure has to be gone through with 500 people at the same time (there were lots of South Korean tourist buses as well), you can imagine it takes time.
Well, we finally got across and started our journey into North Korea. At first it did not seem too bad, as we first passed through the industrial complex. The buildings and factories looked new and state of the art, the traffic lights were working, the roads were broad and well signposted, and we even spotted a Family Mart, a South Korean convenience store. Once we left the complex behind us though, it was a different story. It was like driving straight into one of the many reports I have read about the north in recent months. The first overwhelming impression was that everything was greyish brown. Admittedly it was November and the weather had been getting cooler, but still the whole place just seemed to be devoid of colour. This is also because North Korea is nearly completely deforested. The contrast with South Korea is enormous – in the south even the mountains are covered in thick, dense forest. A few metres into the north and hardly a tree in sight. The explanation is banal – people are so desperate for firewood that they chance sneaking out at night to chop down what they can get their hands on. This is not without risk as there is plently of military officers stationed at regular intervals along the road. In our case we imagined it was probably partly to supervise the busloads of tourists to make sure we didn’t get up to anything suspicious, but it is obviously also to keep an eye on the local population. It was quite absurd to be driving along a small and winding country road on our way to a “famous” waterfall, and every kilometer a soldier would be standing on a side road, completely expressionless, watching us pass.
Apart from this desert-like feeling the next thing that struck me was the derelict housing. On the outskirts of Kaesong it consisted mainly of simple, one-storey buildings, looking greyish and tumbledown and very often either with no windows at all or with the windows or doors wide open. Considering the temperature was less than 10 it was a strong indication that they have no heating system whatsoever. A lack of energy sources is actually, together with the dismal food situation, the biggest problem North Korea faces at the moment. No wonder there were no traffic lights in operation after leaving the industrial complex – there is no electricity to operate them.
Towards the centre of Kaesong there were apartment blocs and high rises, but that certainly was not an aesthetic improvement. Everything looked derelict and run down and very often empty. We passed by buildings that looked like they had once been shops, and my Korean-speaking colleague explained that the signs read “barber shop” and “library”. Well, you’d think you’d see a few books at a library, but the buildings were just empty shells. And Kaesong is supposed to be one of the good places to live in North Korea, together with the capital Pyongyang, where only the regime faithful are allowed to live.
But the worst thing was the people. Everywhere we drove people were walking along the pavement, or cycling, seemingly aimlessly at 10 o’clock in the morning, but obviously on their way to their assigned task for the day. And everybody seemed completely expressionless and stone-faced. No one cast a glance in our direction as we drove past, naturally since any interaction between the North Koreans and foreigners is strictly forbidden. Further out of the city we then started to see what I have only read about – city workers commanded out to work on the fields. All along the (unused) railway tracks people were gathered, doing some kind of work that mystified us. Were they repairing the line? Or growing some kind of food on any conceivable patch of land? The same sight greeted us on our way back to the town after our tour, but then people seemed to be coming back from work. Somehow the atmosphere also seemed a bit more relaxed then, although perhaps I only felt like that because we passed two teenage girls who walked by holding each other’s arms, talking and smiling. Smiling! But the saddest thing was to pass mothers with young children and wondering about what that child’s life consists of, what hopes and dreams the mother has for her little girl, or whether she has any dreams at all – perhaps they are rooted out of you from an early age. The only good thing was that people did not look like they were starving. Had we gone to the countryside we would have seen a different story. NGOs working in North Korea report that 70% of the population have to survive on grass porridge at the moment, and the World Food Programme estimates that 3 million people in the east and 1 million in the west will be close to starvation by December if more foreign aid does not arrive quickly. At least the people of Kaesong did not seem to be at that stage just yet. Maybe because many of them work at the industrial complex, and although their wages of 70 dollars a month are paid to the government and not to them directly, and you therefore do not know how much ends up in their pockets, at least, as the spokesperson for Hyundai Asan who runs the complex, told us: “they get a free lunch each day”.
The official tour itself was not that interesting. We were taken around to the sights of the Koryo dynasty, which might have some meaning to the South Korean tourists who had learnt about all this in school, but which didn’t mean much to us Norwegians. “This house used to belong to a learned nobleman who was later killed at this bridge”. Oh – interesting. Or maybe we are just philistines. Anyway, I think what was interesting about the trip was all the stuff that was not part of the trip – the glances you managed to steal of the city and the population as we drove past, all the stuff that we were not allowed to photograph. But then again, the official trip also serves some purpose. For instance, it provides employment to the people who act as tour guides, or who work in the many stalls selling bad tasting coffee and funny looking Korean sweets. In fact you could sense capitalism creeping in the back door, as people were obviously keen to sell and offer their goods. These people you are allowed to talk to as long as the conversation centres on safe topics, and they were invariably nice, polite and smiling. One of my Korean colleagues got into a long conversation with a North Korean guard who had the same surname as her. Our trainee Alan got smitten by the beautiful North Korean waitresses at the place we lunched and seemed to harbour ideas of defecting to the north. How he will handle the short-skirted and high-booted traffic policewomen in Pyongyang, who reportedly are chosen for their aesthetic qualities rather than their knowledge of traffic rules, when we go there in a week, I don’t know. Anyway, that’s an aside. The point is that maybe the idea of the Kasesong complex of contributing to intercultural understanding, however much the cynic in you finds it hard to believe, maybe holds some truth. And the tourism also provides much needed income for the people involved in it, as well as the regime.
One should also not underestimate the effect the visit has on the South Korean tourists, most of whom have never been across the border. It was a powerful experience for my Korean colleagues. One of them said, with tears in her eyes: ” For the first time I truly understand the tragedy of my divided country”.
As mentioned I am going to Pyongyang in about a week’s time. That will be the place really to witness the regime’s megalomania, as well as getting some sobering counterviews from representatives of the international community based there. More reports to follow – and I won’t forget to include an account of those North Korean policewomen.
Else